Biography of Hadrian, Roman Emperor

Account of Hadrian, Roman Emperor Hadrian (January 24, 76â€July 10, 138) was a Roman head for a long time who brought together and consolidated Rome’s vast realm, in contrast to his forerunner, who concentrated on extension. He was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors; he managed the brilliance long periods of the Roman Empire and is known for some, building ventures, including an acclaimed divider across Britain to keep out the brutes. Known For: Roman Emperor, one of the five great emperorsAlso Known As: Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, Publius Aelius HadrianuBorn: January 24, 76, perhaps in Rome or in Italica, in what is currently SpainParents: Aelius Hadrianus Afer, Domitia PaulinaDied: July 10, 138â in Baiae, close to Naples, ItalySpouse: Vibia Sabina Early Life Hadrian was conceived on Jan. 24, 76. He most likely was not initially from Rome. The Augustan History,â a assortment of life stories of the Roman emperors,â says his family was from Picenum, yet more as of late of Spain, and moved to Rome. His mom Domitia Paulina originated from a separated family from Gades, which today is Cadiz, Spain. His dad was Aelius Hadrianus Afer, an officer and cousin of future Roman Emperor Trajan. He kicked the bucket when Hadrian was 10, and Trajan and Acilius Attianus (Caelium Tatianum) turned into his watchmen. In 90 Hadrian visited Italica, a Roman city in present-day Spain, where he got military preparing and built up an affection for chasing that he saved for an amazing remainder. Hadrian wedded Vibia Sabina, fabulous niece of Emperor Trajan, in 100. Ascend to Power At the finish of Emperor Domitians rule, Hadrian began on the customary vocation way of a Roman representative. He was made a military tribune, or official, and afterward turned into a quaestor, a low-positioning justice, in 101. He was later keeper of the Acts of the Senate. At the point when Trajan was delegate, a higher judges position, Hadrian went with him to the Dacian Wars and became tribune of the plebeians, an amazing political office, in 105. After two years he became praetor, an officer just beneath emissary. He at that point went to Lower Pannonia as representative andâ became delegate, theâ pinnacleâ of a senator’s profession, in 108. His ascent from that point to head in 117 included some royal residence interest. After he became delegate his profession rise halted, conceivably activated by the passing of a past representative, Licinius Sura, when a group contradicted to Sura, Trajans spouse Plotina and Hadrian came to command Trajans court. There is some proof that during this period, Hadrian committed himself to contemplating the country andâ cultureâ of Greece, a since quite a while ago held enthusiasm of his. Some way or another, Hadrian’s star rose again in no time before Trajan kicked the bucket, most likely in light of the fact that Plotina and her partners had recovered Trajan’s certainty. Third-century Greek student of history Cassius Dio says that Hadrians previous gatekeeper, Attianus, at that point a ground-breaking Roman, likewise was included. Hadrian was holding a significant military order under Trajan when, on Aug. 9, 117, he discovered that Trajan had received him, an indication of progression. After two days, it was accounted for that Trajan had passed on, and the military broadcasted Hadrian ruler. Hadrians Rule Hadrian controlled the Roman Empire until 138. He is known for investing more energy going all through the realm than some other sovereign. In contrast to his forerunners, who had depended on reports from the territories, Hadrian needed to see things for himself. He was liberal with the military and assisted with transforming it, including requesting the development of armies and strongholds. He invested energy in Britain, where in 122 he started the structure of a defensive stone divider, known as Hadrians Wall, the nation over in to keep the northern brutes out. It denoted the northernmost boundaryâ of the Roman Empire until from the get-go in the fifth century. The divider extends from the North Sea to the Irish Sea and is 73 miles in length, eight to 10 feet wide, and 15 feet high. En route, the Romans assembled towers and little strongholds called milecastles, which housed up to 60 men. Sixteen bigger strongholds were assembled, and south of the divider the Romans burrowed a wide discard with six-foot-high earthen banks. Despite the fact that a large number of the stones were diverted and reused into different structures, the divider despite everything stands. Changes During his rule, Hadrian was liberal to residents of the Roman realm. He granted enormous aggregates of cash to networks and people and permitted the offspring of people accused of significant violations to acquire some portion of the family home. As indicated by the Augustan History, he wouldnt take the endowments of individuals he didnt know or of individuals whose children could acquire the inheritances, in spite of prior training. Some of Hadrians changes show how uncouth the occasions were. He banned the act of experts executing their slaves and changed the law so that if an ace was killed at home, just slaves who were close by could be tormented for proof. He additionally changed laws with the goal that bankrupt individuals would be whipped in the amphitheater and afterward discharged, and he made the showers separate for people. He reestablished numerous structures, remembering the Pantheon for Rome, and moved the Colossus, the 100-foot bronze sculpture introduced by Nero. At the point when Hadrian made a trip to different urban communities in the domain, he actualized open works ventures. By and by, he attempted from numerous points of view to live unassumingly, similar to a private resident. Companion or Lover? Out traveling through Asia Minor, Hadrian met Antinoã ¼s, a youngster brought into the world around 110. Hadrian made Antinoã ¼s his friend, however by certain records he was viewed as Hadrians sweetheart. Voyaging together along the Nile in 130, the youngster fell into the stream and suffocated, Hadrian was barren. One report said Antinoã ¼s had bounced into the waterway as a consecrated penance, however Hadrian deniedâ that clarification. Whatever the purpose behind his demise, Hadrian grieved profoundly. The Greek world regarded Antinoã ¼s, and cliques enlivened by him showed up over the domain. Hadrian named Antinopolis, a city close Hermopolis in Egypt, after him. Passing Hadrian turned out to be not well, related in the Augustan History with his refusal to cover his head in warmth or cold. His disease waited, making him long for death. At the point when he couldnt convince anybody to help him ​commit self destruction, he took up liberal eating and drinking, as indicated by Dio Cassius. He kicked the bucket on July 10, 138.â Heritage Hadrian is associated with his movements, his structure undertakings, and his endeavors to integrate the remote of the Roman realm. He was tasteful and instructed and abandoned a few sonnets. Indications of his reign stay in various structures, including the Temple of Rome and Venus, and he modified the Pantheon, which had been demolished by fire during the rule of his antecedent. His own nation living arrangement, Villa Adriana, outside Rome is viewed as the compositional embodiment of the richness and tastefulness of the Roman world. Covering seven square miles, it was more a nursery city than a manor, including showers, libraries, design gardens, theaters, in the open air eating corridors, structures, and private suites, bits of which made due to present day times. It was assigned a UNESCO World Heritage siteâ in 1999. Hadrians burial place, presently called the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, turned into an internment place for succeeding sovereigns and was changed over into a fortressâ in the fifth century. Sources Birley, Anthony. Lives of the Later Caesars: The First Part of the Augustan History, with Lives of Nerva and Trajan. Works of art, Reprint Edition, Kindle Edition, Penguin, February 24, 2005.Roman History by Cassius Dio. College of Chicago.Pringsheim, Fritz. The Legal Policy and Reforms of Hadrian. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 24.Hadrian. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.Hadrian: Roman Emperor. Reference book Britannica.

Doctrine of Consideration free essay sample

For an agreement guarantee to be enforceable, that guarantee should typically be bolstered by thought. Any legally binding guarantee must be upheld by thought except if a special case applies. A guarantee will be upheld by thought if it’s given as a major aspect of a deal or trade instead of a blessing. Second, the promiser or outsider ought to get some demonstration self control or bring guarantee back. On the off chance that the guarantee is accomplishing something or promising to accomplish something else from what he was at that point committed to do and that something is being given in return for the promisor’s guarantee at that point, the promisors guarantee is upheld by consideration†. Where thought matters. Adjustment of existing agreement to one party’s sole advantage, repayment of guarantee, fractional installment of obligation. Where rwo parties are outsiders who meet just because and â€Å"make a deal† (trade guarantees), there’s most likely no issue of absence of-thought. â€Å"Discount Price† yes Where an exchange is a blends or deal and blessing, thought repuirement is met. We will compose a custom paper test on Principle of Consideration or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Unsupported †unenforceable, bolstered enforceable Promises to make endowments are not upheld by thought and in this manner non-authoritative. Consequently, if an individual pulls out of a blessing propsiton, the guarantee isn't upheld by thought. Thought is a fundamental element for the excitence of an agreement. L Wilberforce, The Euromedon. Educator Treitel English law perceives thought. He concurs that courts designs thought in specific conditions. Educator Atiyah states thought is any valid justification for authorizing a promice. Consideratin is only proof that the two gatherings pay attention to the understanding. The regulation of thought can along these lines be viewed as a lot of rules, which assume the key job in the choice by the courts with respect to which understandings or guarantees are seen as legitimately official. For a guarantee set out in a consent to add up to a penetrate of agreement on the off chance that it isn't completed, the guarantee must be upheld by thought. On the off chance that no thought is given for the guarantee there is no agreement, yet rather a guarantee of a blessing. For thought to exist the promisee must guarantee or accomplish something that is of incentive according to the law Meanings of thought fall into two gatherings. The first characterizes thought in quite a while of advantage and inconvenience. The second characterizes it as a component of a deal: Under the deal meaning of thought, before a promisee’s guarantee or act can be viewed as thought, it must be built up that the guarantee or act is given in line with the promisor and in dependence upon the promisor’s guarantee: Contracts can be ordered as being either straightforward or formal. A straightforward agreement can be gone into orally and additionally recorded as a hard copy. A conventional agreement is one where the understanding is gone into in a specific composed structure known as a deed. Generally deeds were alluded to as records under seal or claims to fame. This terminology mirrored the way that such archives were fixed by the gathering to be bound. In deeds it is entirely expected to allude to the promisor as the covenantor and the promisee as the covenantee. In basic agreements thought is consistently fundamental. With understandings set out in a deed thought isn't important. The system for execution and conveyance of a deed is currently generally administered by resolution. The pith of the tenet of thought is that a promisor’s guarantee must be authorized by a promisee on the off chance that the person in question has given thought to the guarantee. There are two sections to this standard: (I) thought must move from the promisee; and (ii) it need not move to the promisor. A significant capability to this standard identifies with joint guarantees So-called ‘past consideration’ isn't thought. In Attorney-General for England and Wales v R, at 106, Tipping J said that ‘[a]n demonstration previously managed without reference to a guarantee doesn't fulfill the idea of a trade which supports the law of consideration’. The utilization of the articulation ‘illusory consideration’ here identifies with conditions in which it is asserted that there is thought by the guarantee of execution of some demonstration, however where there is likewise a watchfulness concerning whether to play out that demonstration. The restrictive idea of the commitment to perform blocks the guarantee from being thought: For the promisee’s guarantee or act to be thought, it must be of an incentive according to the law. ‘[C]onsideration doesn't need to be industrially satisfactory to be adequate in law/In contract law, thought alludes to any anticipated trade. Essentially, for an agreement to be legitimate, there must be a trade of products and additionally benefits. Since by far most of agreements are for deals of some kind, thought for the most part appears as a trade of cash for merchandise or administrations. For thought to be legitimate (accordingly making the agreement substantial, if the various prerequisites for the legitimacy of an agreement are met), the things traded must be of some lawful worth. Be that as it may, a court will for the most part not ask into whether a specific type of thought is adequate. In this way, on the off chance that you choose to sell your home for $50, and after the arrangement is done, acknowledge youve committed an unpleasant error, you cannot go to court and contend that the deal is invalid, in light of the fact that there was no thought. The way that $50 is a preposterously low cost for any house is immaterial, as long as you consented to the deal openly. Be that as it may, if there an understanding really needs thought, the understanding is definitely not a substantial agreement, and can thusly not be implemented. For instance, on the off chance that you guarantee to give your home to a companion, for nothing, without any hidden obligations, and set up the understanding as a written record, joined by each conceivable custom, you can adjust your perspective whenever. Your companion can't sue you for break of agreement, on the grounds that no agreement existed in any case, as it was unsupported by thought (your companion didn't give or guarantee you anything as an end-result of your home). Notwithstanding, when you really move responsibility for house, you cant retreat (likewise with any blessing, it turns into the property of the beneficiary once the exchange is finished), yet you could do so whenever before the blessing happens. A case of the prerequisite for thought is the reason you will once in a while know about over the top expensive things being sold for exceptionally modest quantities of cash, for example, a house or vehicle being sold for $1. For instance, I toward the start of this current year, I was given the opportunityThese exchanges are basically endowments, yet the token thought is there to guarantee that the understanding is legitimately authoritative, on the off chance that the benefactor attempts to retreat. By settling on the understanding lawfully official, the giver demonstrates honest intentions. Thought is viewed as a fundamental component of a substantial agreement to a great extent for verifiable reasons. Since contract law was made to secure the rights and interests of gatherings to business exchanges (basically, its motivation is to guarantee that individuals stay faithful to their obligations). Business exchanges consistently include some trade, so it just turned into a basic supposition that all agreements would include a trade. Additionally, when an understanding which is totally unsupported by thought is penetrated, the casualty of the break hasnt truly lost anything, since they didnt surrender anything in any case, so it isn't significant for such a consent to be implemented by a court. Be that as it may, if there is a penetrate of a guarantee bolstered by thought, the casualty of the break has endured a misfortune, particularly on the off chance that they have just played out their finish of the understanding, and are currently receiving nothing consequently. Some right, intrigue, benefit or advantage collecting to the one party of an agreement, or some patience, drawback, misfortune or duty given, endured or embraced by the other. Under customary law, there can be no coupling agreement without thought, which was characterized in a 1875 English choice as some right, intrigue, benefit or advantage collecting to the one party, or some abstinence, impairment, misfortune or duty given, endured or attempted by the other. As expressed as of late in Terrafund Financial Inc. v 569244 BC Ltd. : It is a crucial standard of agreement law that so as to make a coupling contract which the law will perceive and implement, there must be a trade of thought between the gatherings. Thought is just something of significant worth got by a promisor from a promisee. It can appear as a right, intrigue or advantage collecting to one gathering, or some restraint, impairment, misfortune, or obligation, given, endured or embraced by the other . In the event that there is no thought there is no agreement; and if there is no agreement, there is nothing upon or from which to establish or make obligation. †¦ The demonstration or guarantee of one gathering is, in a manner of speaking, purchased or anticipated by the demonstration or guarantee of the other; each gathering trades something of significant worth. To make an enforceable agreement there must be corresponding endeavors. In this way, on the off chance that one gathering is neither giving anything, nor is promising to do or give anything, there is no thought for the different party’s act or guarantee. Generally, when all agreements were verbal (parol), the custom-based law would not like to implement unwarranted offers, those made without anything offered in return, (for example, blessings), to be given the assurance of agreement law. So they included the standards of thought. Be that as it may, since thought, as Judge Wilmot said in a judicially extreme case in 1765, Pillans v Mierop, originated from a period when agreements were verbal not recorded as a hard copy. Something was then required by the law to formalize understandings; to

Monroe

Monroe Monroe. 1 Industrial city (1990 pop. 54,909), seat of Ouachita parish, SE La., on the Ouachita River; founded c.1785, inc. as a city 1900. The center of the great Monroe Natural Gas Field (discovered 1915), it has important chemical plants, as well as pulp, paper, and lumber mills. Automotive parts are also manufactured. The first settlers founded (c.1785) Fort Miró. The community was renamed in 1819 after the James Monroe, the first steamship to come up the Ouachita. The Univ. of Louisiana at Monroe and the Masur Museum of Art are in the city. Antebellum houses remain. 2 City (1990 pop. 22,902), seat of Monroe co., SE Mich., on Lake Erie; settled 1778, inc. 1837. Paper products, heating equipment, plastic tubing, flour, and auto parts are produced. The city has large nurseries and is the shipping point for a farm region. Monroe was the scene of the River Raisin massacre during the War of 1812 and the center of the Toledo War (see Toledo , Ohio). George A. Custer live d there, and the local museum has a large collection of Custer memorabilia. 3 City (1990 pop. 16,127), seat of Union co., S N.C., in the Piedmont; settled 1751, inc. 1844. It has diverse agriculture, and poultry is processed. Industries include metal fabrication and casting and the manufacture of textiles and apparel, plastic and stone products, pharmaceuticals, industrial machinery, lighting fixtures, and aviation and electronic equipment. Wingate Univ. is in nearby Wingate. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Factors That Triggered The Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4552 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? The current financial crisis originated from global asset scarcity. A large capital flows towards the USA that causes an asset bubble, eventually burst .Anticipation of capital gains on housing property led to a bubble in asset prices. This trend has started in late 90s and not affected by dot com bubble. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Factors That Triggered The Financial Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Persistent global imbalances, subprime crisis, and volatile oil and asset prices are heavily correlated for recent dooms in world economy. The crisis started in July 2007 with the collapse of two Bear Stearns hedge funds, the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Fund, and the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Enhanced Leveraged Fund. With this collapse, the so-called subprime mortgage crisis became apparent with a substantial increase in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures in the United States. As credit markets froze, the Treasury bill-Eurodollar spread known as the TED spread (difference between the3-month US Treasury bill yield and LIBOR) started to increase dramatically (Kenc Dibooglu, 2010). 1. FACTORS TRIGGERED THE FINANCIAL CRISIS: 1.1) Global imbalances: The crisis exacerbated the shortage of assets in world economy, which triggered a partial recreation of bubble in commodities. Rising oil price, led to an increase in petrodollar investing in us financial market. One of the underlying reasons for USA asset appreciation was current account deficit. Starting in 1991 us current account deficit becoming worse day by day, reaching 6.4% of us GDP in fourth quarter of 2005, and then falling back to 5% of GDP by early 2008. The counterpart of deficit were Japan , Europe and emerging Asia.(IMF, 2009 ) The rapid growth in china and other East Asian economies, and rise in associated commodity prices has a capital flow in US, which has been thought a feasible place .How do the macro economic imbalances sustained? The trade surplus countries kept their exchange rate low relative to US$, which helped sustain the deficit configurations. The rise in asset prices led to an increase in consumer wealth, which further stimulated US consumption, spendi ng and imports, helped sustain the trade deficit ( Kenc Dibooglu, 2010). The global saving glut hypothesis also views the global imbalances as direct results of increased savings and current account surpluses in developing and emerging economies. In these economies, export driven growth has led to higher incomes (Kenc Dibooglu, 2010). 1.2) Interest rate: The reallocation of capital flows subsequently decline the USA and world real rate of interest and a boom in market. In the context of low real interest rate US households were encouraged to take more housing risk then they could afford. Also fed decreased the interest rate to make US current account deficit, which has caused dollar to depreciate. The collapse of dot com bubble in2001, US economy slowed down and entered in to depression in 2001.At that time US FED reduced its interest rate .Lower target interest rates made by FED contribute to the global flow of funds in making mortgages more affordable and house prices rose sharply as the demand for houses exploded (Kenc Dibooglu, 2010). 1.3) Securitization: Mortgage securitizations entail pooling of mortgages and issuing assets backed by the cash flow of the mortgage. It plays a vital role in relation of housing bubble. MBS(Mortgage based securities) are created when mortgage holders form a portfolio of mortgages and sell shares .Then , the cash flow from the portfolio of assets are passed to investor. Normally, this investment is more liquid than any individual mortgages since bundles of assets reduce risk. When considering mortgages, instead of creditworthiness, more emphasise has given to make money by selling it to third party, e.g. ABS CDOs (Hull, 2009). 1.4) Lending standard: Since US government has been trying to improve to expand home ownership and pressuring to mortgage lenders to increase loan to low and moderate income people. Lenders made it easier for less creditworthy families who made increased demand for real estates and price increased. Also the lender knew there risk is covered by underlying high asset price. Some of the terms known as , liar loans , NINJA(no income, no job, no assets).With low interest rate , mortgage lenders follows lax standards in approving mortgages and optimism fueled speculation in housing market ( Kenc Dibooglu, 2010). 1.5) Agency problem: Credit rating agencies are now under scrutiny for given investment-grade ratings to MBS  based on risky subprime mortgage loans. These high ratings enabled these MBS to be sold to investors, thereby financing the housing boom. These ratings were believed justified because of risk reducing practices, such as credit default insurance and equity investors willing to bear the first losses. However, there are also indications that some involved in rating subprime-related securities knew at the time that the rating process was faulty. (US House of Representatives committee, 2008). According to Buttonwood (2007) the rating agencies suffered from conflicts of interest, as they were paid by investment banks and other firms that organize and sell structured securities to investors. On 11th June, 2008, the  SEC  proposed rules designed to mitigate perceived conflicts of interest between rating agencies and issuers of structured securities. On 3rd December, 2008, the SEC a pproved measures to strengthen oversight of credit rating agencies, following a ten-month investigation that found significant weaknesses in ratings practices, including conflicts of interest practices, 1.6) Subprime mortgage default: Around 80% of U.S. mortgages issued in recent years to subprime borrowers were adjustable-rate mortgages. After U.S. house prices peaked in mid-2006 and began their steep decline thereafter, refinancing became more difficult. As adjustable-rate mortgages began to reset at higher rates, mortgage delinquencies soared. Securities backed with subprime mortgages, widely held by financial firms, lost most of their value. The result has been a large decline in the capital of many banks and U.S. government sponsored enterprises, tightening credit around the world. 1.7) Shadow banking: The shadow banking system has been implicated as significantly contributing to the  financial crisis of 2007. In a June 2008 speech, U.S. Treasury Secretary  Timothy Geithner (speech Reducing systematic risk in a dynamic financial system), placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a run on the entities in the shadow banking system by their counterparties. The rapid increase of the dependency of bank and non-bank financial institutions on the use of these off-balance sheet entities to fund investment strategies had made them critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system as a whole, despite their existence in the shadows, outside of the regulatory controls governing commercial banking activity. Furthermore, these entities were vulnerable because they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, se lling their long-term assets at depressed prices. Nobel laureate  Paul Krugman  described the run on the shadow banking system as the core of what happened to cause the crisis. As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government officials should have realized that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression possibleand they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions. Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule: anything that does what a bank does, anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are, should be regulated like a bank. He referred to this lack of controls as malign neglect (Krugman, 2009). 2. EFFECTS OF THE CRISIS ON FINANCIAL MARKETS: The rapid decline of US housing prices in 2007-2008 has significant impact on money market, bonds, stocks and derivatives. Asset Backed Securities (ABS) and Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) have been affected the most during that session. The fundamental of these securities is the availability of fund. Since the crisis started there was lack of cash flow which results into contaminate the mortgage backed securities (MBS) (Mayer, et al., 2009). Regulators allowed giant banks to measure their own risk and set their own capital requirements. Given perverse incentives, this inevitably led to excessive risk taking Deregulation allowed financial conglomerates to become so large and complex that neither insiders nor outsiders could accurately evaluate their risk. The Bank for International Settlement told national regulators to allow banks to evaluate their own risk-and thus set their own capital requirements-through a statistical exercise based on historical data called Value at Risk (VAR). VAR is an estimate of the highest possible loss in the value of a portfolio of securities over a fixed time interval with a specific statistical con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ dence level. The standard exercise calculates VAR under negative conditions likely to occur less than 5% of the time. There are four fundamental flaws in this mode of risk assessment. First, there is no time period in which historical data can be used to generate a reliable estimate of current risk. Second, VAR models assume that security prices are generated by a normal distribution. Third, the asset-price correlation matrix is a key determinant of measured VAR. The lower the correlation among security prices, the lower the portfolios risk. VAR models assume that future asset price correlations will be similar to those of the recent past. However, in crises the historical correlation matrix loses all relation to actual asset price dynamics. Most prices fall together as investors run for liquidity and saf ety, and correlations invariably head toward one, as they did in the recent crisis. Again, actual risk is much higher than risk estimates from VAR exercises. Fourth, the trillions of dollars in assets held off balance sheet were not included in VAR calculations (Blankfein, 2009).Reliance on VAR helped create the current crisis and left banks with woefully inadequate capital reserves when it broke out. A Financial Times editorial observed that risk management models . . . were catastrophic. The Financial Times Gillian Tett concluded that it was sheer madness for financiers ever to have relied so heavily on these VAR models during the first seven years of this decade (Tett, 2008). Following discussion is how the crisis affected the financial markets; 2.1) Derivatives Market effect: A financial security backed by a loan, lease or receivable against assets other than real estate and mortgage backed securities (Hull, 1997). Mortgage classes can be identified by tranche: senior tranche (AAA), mezzanine tranche (BBB) and equity tranche (no rating). Different mortgage classes associated with different risks and returns. The higher-ranking tranche receives higher priority return with minimised credit risk. A mezzanine tranche for example can be cut into different slices, separating prime and subprime mortgages and creating a new portfolio with AAA rated tranches, A rated tranches and unrated tranches. ABS/CDO portfolios started to experience increasing the due of the non payment debt and foreclosures and their values declined precipitously (International Labour Office, 2009). As AAA tranches associated with lower risk have suffered an intense increment in downgrades (Barnett-Hart, 2009). As initial risks have been miscalculated by rating agencies and financial in stitutions solely relied on credit ratings, repackaged BBB tranches were traded as AAA tranches in the market and therefore experienced default losses from the subprime mortgage segment. As result financial institution were no more able to raise funds through ABS and CDOs. The crisis has spread to other types of markets including credit default swaps, high-yield corporate bonds, the inter-bank market, commercial paper, money-market funds, hedge funds and the real economy. Defaulted mortgages and CDOs affected the Credit Default Swaps (CDS) as they required providing insurance against the default counterparty. The insurance holder has the right to sell the insured instruments (e.g. bonds) to the CDS seller at their initial face value or to claim the difference between the initial face value and the recovery rate if the reference entity defaulted. In 2007 and 2008 a large number of CDS sellers had to make payments to CDS holders. Moreover, CDS that were written on securities with AAA rating that actually deserved a credit rating of BBB, forced CDS holders to make payments that were higher than expected because of the miscalculation of default risk and underestimation of positive correlation among sub prime tranches. 2.2) Stock market affect: In December 2007 (Homan and Matthews, 2007) US stock market acted declining sharply as reaction to immense losses related to sub prime mortgages. The US stock market further declined by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September. In between 0ctober 2007 and 2009 the Dow Jones industrial average lost 53% value of their stock (Yahoo finance). The stock market had been observed extremely volatile which results in to 7.87% losses and profits up to 10.88 during the month of December 2007. 2.3) Bond market: Fears of a recession in the United States and interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve have pushed the yield on the 10-year Treasury below the rate of inflation. In the wake of the collapsing housing market and credit market turmoil in the late 2007 and early 2008, the findings from the Federal Reserves survey certainly come as no surprise. Over the past few months, credit spreads have surged. The spread between Moodys Baa bond yield and the 10-year Treasury yield has doubled in the past year to over 300 basis points, a rise usually associated with recessions (The sceptical speculator, 2008). In 2007 CDS spreads increased for all securities which were not considered as risk less, especially for those which were rated with BBB, such as high-yield corporate bonds. Suppose such a bond pays 8%, but now has a CDS spread of 400bp (4%) rather than 200bp (2%). Assuming LIBOR/swap rates to be constant, investors return on insured high-yield bonds fell by 2%. To raise funds on the capital m arkets, such a company would now be forced to increase its bond yield by 2%, thus increasing its cost of financing. 3. RECOVERY FROM THE CRISIS: Recovery processes are different depending on different types of financial crisis. Historical evidence shows that, each and every financial crisis was followed by an economic expansion and those expansions are different in nature which includes credit booms involving upset labour markets, goods and services, booming real-estate business, equity prices and asset price bubbles as well. According to the IMF (2009); Recessions in the advanced economies over the past two decades have become less frequent and milder, whereas expansions have become longer, reflecting in part the Great Moderation of advanced economies business cycles. Recessions associated with financial crises have been more severe and longer lasting than recessions associated with other shocks. Recoveries from such recessions have been typically slower, associated with weak domestic demand and tight credit conditions. Recessions that are highly synchronized across countries have been longer and deeper than those confined to one region. Recoveries from these recessions have typically been weak, with exports playing a much more limited role than in less synchronized recessions. The current financial crisis was highly synchronized across the countries and this is why it was thought to be stayed long. The governments of different countries have taken different actions to stabilize their economy. 3.1) Introduction of Term Auction Facility: The first policy action to manage the financial crisis was the introduction of Term Auction Facility (TAF) in December 2007. The primary objective of this policy was to make the borrowing easier for other banks from the Fed and reduce the spreads in the money market and eventually increase the flow of money which would lead to a lower interest rate. By this new policy banks could borrow directly from the Fed avoiding the discount window with larger maturity dates in order to inject liquidity into the market. The fed was trying to lower the gap between the long term lending rates and the overnight rates (Taylor and Williams, 2008). Figure 1, shows the amount of funds taken up along with Libor and OIS spread. Figure 1 is showing that soon after the starting of the TAF, the spread came down for a while but after that rose again showing no respect for the TAF. 3.2) Interest rate adjustment: Interest rate change is the primary initiative for any central bank regarding monetary policy to handle with the financial crisis. Federal Reserve Bank has decreased their funds rate from 5.25% from the beginning of the crisis in August 2007 to 2% in April 2008 to minimize the crisis. However, that initiative did not work according to their expectation but, depreciated the Dollar sharply which influenced the dramatic increase of the oil price as well as other consumer goods price instead. From the beginning of the financial crisis in August 2007 to July 2008 the oil price has almost doubled. The relationship between oil prices and interest rates is proved by empirical studies. For instance, the First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund John Lipsky (2008) said: Preliminary evidence suggests that low interest rates have a statistically significant impact on commodity prices, above and beyond the typical effect of increased demand. Exchange rate shifts also appear to influence commodity prices. For example, IMF estimates suggest that if the US dollar had remained at its 2002 peak through end-2007, oil prices would have been $25 a barrel lower and non-fuel commodity prices 12 percent lower. 3.3) Temporary Cash Infusions: Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 passed in February 2008 was another recovery policy action. Like a package, the aim of this stimulus was to boost up the family and individual consumption by providing cash totalling of over $100 billion in May, June, and July 2008. This was done by tax rebates to lower and middle income tax payers, incentives to encourage business and to increase the limits forced on mortgages that could be obtained by the government agencies. It was not completely a monetary policy because the rebate was financed by borrowing rather than money creation (Taylor, 2008). As shown in the figure 3 consumption was not increased as was expected whereas the personal disposable income increased sharply because of the rebate. 3.4) Fiscal support for the American International Group (AIG): In September 2008, after a sudden financial deterioration of American International Group, a big financial panic was developed and whose result was judged to have significant adverse effect in the economy. The Fed announced an 85 billion dollar financial support for AIG to backup its finance and to keep the money market mutual fund from breaking the buck (Goodfriend, 2009). The Feds financial support for AIG was criticized immediately by some important members of Congress as a questionable commitment of taxpayer funds, in effect, a bridge too far (Blackstone Yoest 2008). 3.5) Interest on reserves: The Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act, signed in 2006, gave the Fed the authority to pay interest on reserves starting in 2011 for the first time in its history. In May 2008, Fed Chairman Bernanke asked that Congress give the Fed immediate authority to pay interest on reserves. Using authority granted under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, the Fed announced that it would begin paying interest on required and excess reserve balances (Goodfriend, 2009). The payment of interest on reserves was intended to assist in maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target. Nevertheless, the Feds authority to pay interest on reserves is timely and valuable because, in principle, it gives the Fed the operational capacity to exit credibly from the zero bound without first drawing down the stock of bank reserves. Unfortunately, in practice, the fact that the federal funds rate has fallen somewhat below the rate of interest paid on reserves indicates that some financia l institutions holding balances at the Fed that trade in federal funds market are not authorized to receive interest on those balances. Although most of the central banks have lowered interest rates to tackle the global downturn, they were appropriately cautious in doing so in order to maintain incentives for capital inflows and to avoid disorderly exchange rate moves or a full-blown capital account crisis (IMF, 2009). In the context of a financial crisis, fiscal policy was particularly effective in shortening the duration of recessions, whereas the impact of monetary policy was reduced. However, room to provide such fiscal support would be limited if such efforts erode credibility in the absence of a medium-term framework. Thus, governments are faced with a difficult balancing act-delivering short-term expansionary policies but also providing reassurance for medium-term prospects. This task is becoming increasingly difficult as the downturn extends in depth and duration. Althoug h governments have acted to provide substantial stimulus in 2009, it is now apparent that the effort will need to be at least sustained, if not increased, in 2010, and countries with fiscal room should stand ready to introduce new stimulus measures as needed to support the recovery. 4. FINANCIAL REGULATORY REFORM: Banking supervisors, including the Federal Reserve, have broad powers to set binding rules limiting financial activities of the institutions they regulate and to issue guidance describing the standards they will consider in supervising and evaluating those firms. Rules, for example, set standards on the amount of capital that institutions must hold to engage in certain activities. Examples of guidance issued prior to the financial crisis include statements describing how examiners would evaluate firms exposures to commercial real estate lending and non-traditional mortgage products. The federal banking supervisors seek to work together and with state supervisors to introduce consistent rules or guidance where possible, either through informal channels or through the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, which was established for that purpose. However, where they cannot reach agreement, supervisors can and have introduced guidance independently to their respective inst itutions (Gramlich, 2007).The Federal Reserve also works with foreign supervisors to develop consistent standards. For example, the Federal Reserve played a key role in the international development of the first Basel capital standards in 1988 (Basel I) and in the revised Basel Capital Accord in 2004 (fcic.gov). Policy and regulatory reform: Stronger macroeconomic policy and macro prudential analysis to avoid too loose monetary policy and excess liquidity; assessment of asset bubble .tightening monetary policy when money or credit grow in an unsustainable way (IMF, 2009) Reforming expeditiously the Basle 2 capital requirement process for bank capital for banks and higher quality of capital; counter-cyclical approaches capital buffers; higher capital for trading books; measuring and limiting liquidity risk; stricter rules for off-balance sheet vehicles; common definition of own funds. Credit rating agencies (CRAs) To be supervised by new European Securities Authority; fundamental review of role of CRAs in the financial system; distinct new approach to rating of securitized products (OECD, 2009). Accounting Strengthened governance of the IASB; wide reflection of the role of mark to market accounting necessary; improved valuation techniques. Accounting standards should not bias business models, promote pro-cycli cal behaviour or discourage long-term investment (General Accounting Office, 2007). Insurance Essential to deliver Solvency before May this year. Appropriate safeguards to be defined to ensure an effective group support regime. within the EU, a strengthened CESR should be in charge of registering and supervising CRAs; A fundamental review of CRAs business model, its financing and of the scope for separating rating and advisory activities should be undertaken; Sanctions/supervisory powers to be strengthened throughout the EU so sanctions bite and are deterrent. Competent authorities in all Member States must have sufficient supervisory powers, including sanctions, to ensure the compliance of financial institutions with the applicable rules; competent authorities should also be equipped with strong, equivalent and deterrent sanction regimes to counter all types of financial crime. Parallel banking system (HPs, private equity) All parts of the financial system where they have a potentially systemic nature should be appropriately regulated and supervised; for hedge funds information requirements on hedge funds should become mandatory through regulation of hedge fund managers. Securitized products/derivative markets should be standardized and simplified; at least one well-capitalized clearing house for credit default swaps should be created in the EU. simplify and standardise over-the-counter derivatives; introduce and require the use of at least one well-capitalised central clearing house for credit default swaps in the EU; guarantee that issuers of securitised products retain on their books for the life of the instrument a meaningful amount of the underlying risk (non-hedged Investment funds Common EU rules should be strengthened -including tighter control over depositories and custodian. Most of the Economic specialists agree that governments failed to make a proper regulatory framework for the financial system which would be able to keep the financial market stable. It has been proved that supervision and regulation was inadequate as they were not able to tackle this big sized crisis. Main weaknesses of the regulations taken that time are measured as the followings: There should be sufficient government supervision for the banks. Hedge funds even operated completely outside of the supervisory framework. Systemic risk has been underestimated by the regulators in the financial system. Banks are interconnected and highly leveraged institutions can affect the entire financial system if they failed. Requirements for capital and liquidity were too low. Financial institutions were not required to hold sufficient capital to cover their assets. Moreover, regulators did not require firms to hold enough capital for scenarios such as a shortfall of liquidity or an abrupt increase of counterparty risk. As the responsibility for supervising financial institutions was split among various authorities, banks could decide wh ich authority to choose and therefore act in their own interest. Regulations fro the financial system should become more vigorous and reliable. Regulatory standards for financial institutions should not allow for excessive risk-taking and give banks no opportunities for arbitrage, gaps or loopholes. 5. NEW TRENDS ON THE FINANCIAL LANDSCAPE: Financial markets have recovered faster than expected, helped by strengthening activity. Nevertheless, financial conditions are likely to remain more difficult than before the crisis. Specifically: Money markets have stabilized, and the tightening of bank lending standards has moderated. Moreover, most banks in core markets are now less reliant on central bank emergency facilities and government guarantees. Nonetheless, bank lending is likely to remain sluggish, given the need to rebuild capital, the weakness of private securitization, and the possibility of further credit write-downs, notably related to commercial real estate. Equity markets have rebounded, and corporate bond issuance has reached record levels, amid a reopening of most high-yield markets. However, the surge in corporate bond issuance has not offset the reduction in bank credit growth to the private sector. Those sectors that have only limited access to capital markets, namely consumers and small and medium-s ize enterprises are likely to continue to face credit constraints. So far, public lending programs and guarantees have been critical in channelling credit to these sectors. Sovereign debt has come under pressure for some small countries, as they struggle with large government deficits and debt, and as investors increasingly differentiate across countries. Amid a relatively rapid return to healthy growth in many emerging economies, portfolio flows into these markets have picked up, easing financial conditions and prompting nascent concerns about asset price valuations. By contrast, cross-border bank financing is still contracting in most regions, as global banks continue to delever. This will limit domestic credit growth, especially in regions that had been most reliant on cross-border bank flows. CONCLUSION: Economic production and trade bounced back worldwide in the second half of 2009. Confidence increased strongly on both the financial and real fronts, as extraordinary policy support forestalled another Great Depression. In advanced economies, the beginning of a turn in the inventory cycle and the unexpected strength in U.S. consumption contributed to positive developments. Final domestic demand was very strong in key emerging and developing economies, although the turn in the inventory cycle and the normalization of global trade also played an important role. Driving the global rebound was the extraordinary amount of policy stimulus. Monetary policy has been highly expansionary, with interest rates down to record lows in most advanced and in many emerging economies, while central bank balance sheets expanded to unprecedented levels in key advanced economies. Fiscal policy has also provided major stimulus in response to the deep downturn.

Childhood Obesity An American Epidemic - 1263 Words

Childhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese† (Childhood, 2015, para.1).I would like to inform you all of childhood obesity in children, and ways to get involved in preventing obesity in our future generation. Childhood obesity has many factors, and is a preventable disorder that can be controlled, and if not, it could greatly affect the health of an individual. To start of with what is Obesity? In the Merriam-Webster dictionary â€Å"obesity† is defined as â€Å"a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.† In the article by Kathryn Faguy (2016) called â€Å" Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Health Effects and Imagining Implications† it goes deeper in explaining how obesity is determine in youth. It explains that obesity for adolescents, and children are categorized by weight to determine and compares a child’s Body Mass Index known as â€Å"BMI† to other children who are the same age and sex. A child is considered to be â€Å"overweight† if the child’s BMI is in the range of the 85th and 94thShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate pr eviously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay examples1472 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica childhood obesity was rarely a topic of conversation. A survey done in the early 1970s showed that 6.1% of children between the ages 12 and 19 were overweight. Eight years later the same survey was done and 17.4% were considered overweight (Iannelli). â€Å"Childhood obesity epidemic in America is now a confirmed fact since the number of overweight or obese children has more than tripled during the last 30 years† (Childhood Obesity Epidemic). â€Å"Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of obesity in childrenRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis: Too Much of a Good Thing1292 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"At least 25% of all Americans under age nineteen are overweight or obese, a figure that has doubled over the last 30 years.† says Greg Crister in his article titled â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing† which appeared on July 22, 2001 in the Los Angeles Times. In his article, Crister uses three common rhetorical strategies, ethos, pathos, and logos, in an attempt to persuade his audience, anyone raising children or interested in childrens health issues, of how prevalent this epidemic has become and provideRead MoreObesity : Childhood Obesity Epidemic1418 Words   |  6 Pageshis article â€Å"There is no Childhood Obesity Epidemic† discussed the there is a â€Å"stunning† drop in childhood obesity rate. He claims that obesity rates among two to five year olds have plunged over the past decade, and that the so called â€Å"obesity epidemic† had ended. I strongly disagree with Campos view that there is no childh ood obesity epidemic, this is due to the researches that was done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which shows that childhood obesity has more than doubled inRead MoreThe Battle Against Obesity Is A Health Issue Of Great Importance1237 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity and public health nurses alike, the battle against obesity is a health issue of great importance. Obesity is shown to be directly responsible for many of the negative health issues we see today. It contributes to higher risk of having chronic disease and poor health (which will be explained). Obesity is a nationwide epidemic stretching across the whole human development spectrum: from childhood obesity, adolescent obesity and adult obesity. The prevalence of children being overweight is growingRead MoreEssay on Greg Cristers quot;Too Much of a Good Thingquot;993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Los Angeles Times, Too Much of a Good Thing, argues that in order to stop obesity, we should stigmatize overeating . Crister states that we should place shame on overeating due to the rising obesity epidemic that faces the world today. The U.N. proclaims that obesity is a dominant unmet global health issue, with Westernized countries topping the list. Crister states that twenty five percent of all Americans under the age of nineteen are either obese or overweight. Children are becomingRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Not Just An Issue That American1535 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not just an issue that American’s are dealing with—it has become an epidemic. Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese. Most Americans blame fast food companies for the rise in childhood obesity which has tripled in the past 70 years. American citizens point their fingers at fast food franchises because of the increasing rate of childhood obesity; Americans do not realize that it is most likely the parents who are to blame because parents areRead MoreThe Chil dhood Obesity Epidemic Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity it is a huge problem. Over the past years, the number of obesity in children has increased. The number of obese children in the U.S. has increased over the past years. The number has obviously also grown due to the video games, computers, and televisions, which are considered to be needed now-a-days, and have begun to take over the importance of exercising. The lack of exercise can lead to obesity, which approaches lots of negative effects. Obesity continuously puts these childrenRead MoreThe Path to Success in Childhood Obesity Essay example679 Words   |  3 Pagesweight loss. Other failures in the war on childhood obesity have occurred mostly through lack of government oversight. Throughout the 1990’s nearly every school in the United States failed to meet the accepted guidelines for proper food fat content. The USDA, created new standards and educated school programs but most still failed and the USDA failed to enforce penalties. Federal lawmakers have also been involved in the fight of childhood obesity. So far their results are mostly failuresRead MoreMedication Can Help Reduce Childhood Obesity Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesknow that childhood obesity can be very harmful for our nations children. Not only can obesity cause health problems but also psychological problems. In recent years, policymakers and medical experts have expressed alarm about the growing problem of childhood obesity in the United States. While most agree that the issue deserves attention, consensus dissolves around how to respond to the problem. One literature review examines one approach to treating childhood obesity: medication

Succubus Shadows Chapter 11 Free Essays

I was in Seattle. Modern-day Seattle, thankfully. I wanted to be nowhere near the fourth century, even though I dreaded what awful vision the Oneroi would show me now. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Shadows Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only was I in Seattle, I was with Roman. He had just parked on Cherry Street and was striding toward the heart of Pioneer Square, which was buzzing today with tourists and others enjoying the clear autumn night. This time, I wasn’t in the dream. I was an observer only, following along with him like a ghost or maybe a documentary camera. I wanted to talk to him, to communicate in some way, but I had no mouth with which to speak. I had no form whatsoever, only my consciousness watching this vision. His pace was brisk, and he pushed through the meandering crowd with no concern for the dirty looks and occasional comment. He was focused on his destination, one I recognized immediately: the Cellar. Our favorite immortal hangout was crowded with mortals tonight. Yet, for whatever reason, no matter how busy the bar was, Jerome always managed to get the same corner table in the back. He sat there now with Carter but didn’t wear the usual unconcerned look we often found him with while drinking. The demon’s face was filled with agitation, and he and Carter were arguing about something. Roman’s signature was masked, so neither angel nor demon noticed his approach. Jerome shot him a glare, no doubt thinking some human was bothering them. Jerome’s expression promptly changed when he saw who it was, and he opened his mouth to say something. He didn’t get the chance because Roman spoke first. â€Å"Where is she?† demanded Roman. He sat in a chair and jerked it toward Jerome so that father and son could look eye to eye. â€Å"Where the fuck is Georgina?† The music and conversation covered most of his shouting, but a few nearby patrons gave him startled looks. Roman was oblivious. His attention was all on Jerome. Anger crackled around the nephilim like an aura itself. Jerome had been clearly distressed about something when Roman had entered, but now, in the presence of an underling, the demon put on the cold, haughty expression that was so typical for him. â€Å"Funny,† said Jerome. â€Å"I was going to ask you the same thing.† Roman glowered. â€Å"How the hell would I know? She vanished right before my eyes! You’re the one that’s supposed to have some sort of divine connection to her.† Jerome’s face didn’t twitch, but his words were like a gut punch to both me and Roman. â€Å"I can’t feel her anymore. She’s disappeared for me too.† I might have had no physical form, but cold fear ran through me nonetheless. An archdemon was connected to his subordinates. He always knew where they were and could tell if they were in pain. When Jerome had been summoned, that connection had shattered, cutting us off from our hellish â€Å"gifts.† Now, the opposite had happened. I had been summoned, so to speak, and torn from Jerome. The Oneroi’s words came back to me: He won’t find you. He can’t find you. You no longer exist for him. â€Å"That’s impossible,† growled Roman. â€Å"Unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A troubled look came over him. â€Å"Someone’s hiding her signature?† It would be terribly ironic if the scheme he’d once planned came to be through someone else. Jerome shook his head and gestured to a waiter for another round. â€Å"I wouldn’t be able to find her if that happened, but the connection would be there. I’d know she still existed.† You no longer exist for him. â€Å"Is she†¦is she dead?† Some of Roman’s initial fury had dimmed a little. It wasn’t an unreasonable question, really. I kind of felt dead. â€Å"No. Her soul would have shown up in Hell.† Jerome took a sip of his new drink and narrowed his eyes at Roman. â€Å"But it’s not your job to ask questions. What do you know? You said she disappeared. Literally?† Roman’s face was downright bleak now. He glanced between Jerome and a grim, thus far silent, Carter. â€Å"Yes. Literally. She’s been having these†¦I don’t know how to explain it. She couldn’t even explain it.† â€Å"I was there,† Jerome reminded him. â€Å"She told me. The music. The colors.† The sneer in his voice made it clear that he regarded those types of things as nuisances. â€Å"It was like this weird force pulling her, enchanting her. It wanted her to come to it.† Roman was repeating known info, possibly to make Jerome take it more seriously. â€Å"She called it a siren song and kept sleepwalking, trying to get to it. And then†¦and then tonight, she went to it.† â€Å"Did you see it?† asked Carter. It was odd to see him so serious and†¦well, confused. The former emotion I’d seen only a handful of times. The latter I’d never seen on him. â€Å"I saw her disappear. Like, vanish into thin air. But I didn’t see it exactly. I felt it. I could sense whenever it was around.† â€Å"What did it feel like?† asked Jerome. Roman shrugged. â€Å"I don’t know. Just†¦a force. A power. Not an entity exactly. And not something I could identify. Not a greater immortal or anything.† â€Å"That,† declared Jerome, â€Å"is absolutely useless information.† Roman’s anger returned. â€Å"It’s all I’ve got! If you’d listened to her more, this wouldn’t have happened. You let this happen. You didn’t take it seriously, and now she’s gone!† Yelling at Jerome. Not a good thing. â€Å"Be careful, lest I revoke your invitation,† hissed the demon, eyes boring into his son. â€Å"And I did listen. I set you to protect her. You, apparently, are the one who ‘let’ this happen.† Roman flushed. â€Å"I was in the other room when that thing showed up again. I hurried in as fast as I could, but it was too late. Georgina’d already given herself up, and honestly†¦I’m not sure I could have stopped it anyway.† It was a big concession for Roman. Nephilim could inherit anywhere from none to all of their immortal parent’s power. Roman was very close to having as much strength as Jerome but still lagged behind just a little. Additionally, the types of power wielded by greater and lesser immortals differed. As a type of hybrid, Roman might not have been able to fight what Jerome could have. Jerome didn’t push that point further. â€Å"So, we still know nothing.† â€Å"We know that whatever did this isn’t one of ours,† said Carter quietly, speaking at last. â€Å"Yes,† snapped Jerome. â€Å"Which only leaves a billion other things it could be. Unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He glanced over at one of the chairs at their table. One moment it was empty. The next, Simone sat there. Carter didn’t seem surprised, but Roman and I certainly were. And she was especially surprised, as shown by her squeal of fear and befuddled expression. Being teleported by a greater immortal was not a pleasant experience. She was blond today, dressed in a plain blouse and pair of jeans. It was a sign of her agitation that she didn’t widen her neckline when she saw Carter. â€Å"What – what’s going on?† she stammered. â€Å"What’d you do to Georgina?† asked Jerome. Her eyes went wide. He might still wear the guise of John Cusack, but as he stared her down, it was easy to see that he truly was a demon of Hell. â€Å"Nothing!† cried Simone. She cowered back into her chair. â€Å"I don’t know what you’re talking about!† Jerome was up and out of his chair so fast, he might have teleported himself. He jerked Simone up as well and shoved her against a nearby wall, hand on her throat. I’d been in a similar position with him before and felt pity for the other succubus. No one else in the bar noticed, so Jerome was either glamoring them or making him and Simone invisible. â€Å"Do not lie to me!† he exclaimed. â€Å"What have you done? Who did you get to do this?† I could see his line of reasoning now. What Roman had sensed might not be demon or angel, but it wasn’t impossible that someone from our side could have worked with an unknown entity. It wouldn’t be the first time. Roman had caught on as well and leapt up to stand beside his father. â€Å"I swear, if you’ve hurt her even a little, I will rip you apart!† Simone’s fear was put on pause as she gave Roman a puzzled look. With his signature hidden, he only came across as a human to her. As far as she was probably concerned, he had no involvement in any of this – and no ability to back up his threat. Little did she know. She turned back to Jerome, cringing when she saw his face once more. â€Å"Nothing,† she said, her voice hard to understand with Jerome choking off her air. â€Å"I didn’t do anything to her, I swear it!† â€Å"You were trying to get Seth into bed,† said Roman. â€Å"That’s all! I didn’t do anything to her. Anything.† Simone’s face turned pleading as she spoke to Jerome. â€Å"You have to know why I’m here. It’s not to harm her.† Jerome’s face was still filled with terrible fury, but there was also a flicker of consideration in his eyes. He said nothing, and it was Carter’s voice that filled the tense silence. â€Å"She’s telling the truth,† he said. Jerome didn’t break his hold on Simone, but that calculating look was still in his gaze. â€Å"Do you know anything about her disappearing? Anything at all?† â€Å"No! No!† Jerome glanced back at Carter, who gave a swift nod. With a disappointed sigh, Jerome released her and stepped back. Roman looked doubtful, but he too had to know that if Carter vouched for her, it was gospel, so to speak. Jerome returned to his chair, downing his drink in one gulp. Roman joined him a moment later, but Simone remained standing, watching the whole group uncertainly as she rubbed her bruised throat. â€Å"I don’t know what’s going on, but if there’s anything – â€Å" â€Å"I’m done with you,† said Jerome harshly. He waved his hand in a type of dismissal, and Simone vanished as quickly as she’d arrived. â€Å"That was mean,† noted Carter, idly stirring his bourbon. â€Å"I sent her back to her hotel,† said Jerome. â€Å"Not to a desert island.† Roman’s anger had cooled a little, and he wore a calm, considering expression that looked remarkably like his father’s. â€Å"What did she mean when she said you knew why she was here? Why was I following her?† â€Å"I can’t report this,† said Jerome. He was speaking to Carter, like Roman wasn’t even there. â€Å"Not yet†¦not unless I have to. We can’t let any higher authorities know.† â€Å"And I can’t do anything at all,† mused Carter. â€Å"This is technically your problem.† He took a long drink, as though that would fix everything. â€Å"But you will,† said Roman boldly. â€Å"You’ll try to find her?† â€Å"Of course,† said Carter. One of his trademark cynical smiles lit his lips, replacing the grim expression from earlier. I suspected it was a cover-up for how he truly felt. â€Å"This place would be too boring without her.† For a heartbeat, I kind of liked this invisible watcher thing. Carter had no sense that I was there, and for the first time, I was able to truly study him without him looking back. He might have that annoying levity on now, but he’d already shown concern for my well-being. And I really couldn’t believe it was simply because he found me entertaining. What was his game? Those gray eyes revealed nothing. â€Å"Yes,† said Jerome dryly. â€Å"Who knows how we’ll get by without her maudlin misadventures.† Carter started to protest, but again, Roman came forward with an interruption. â€Å"Oh. That’s the other thing, what we talked to Erik about.† He gave them a brief recap of Erik’s observations and how I was only visited when I was depressed. Roman also described each of the incidents in as much detail as possible. Jerome and Carter exchanged looks. â€Å"With as down as she usually is, that’s not much to go on,† noted the demon. â€Å"But it might be worth a visit to the old man.† â€Å"Jerome,† said Carter in a warning voice. The two locked eyes again and had some sort of silent communication. When Jerome finally looked away, it was to casually pick up his latest drink. â€Å"Don’t worry. I won’t scare him. Much.† I wondered if he’d go to Erik right then, but I didn’t get a chance to find out. The world dissolved once more, and I found myself back in my prison. Aside from being terribly uncomfortable, I also felt exhausted. Studying the smiling, shining Oneroi, I could guess what had happened. In feeding off my dream, they’d taken some of my energy with it. â€Å"Dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I murmured, suddenly confused. I’d braced myself for some terrible outcome, but it hadn’t happened. â€Å"That wasn’t a dream. That was real. You showed me what was really happening. What my friends are doing.† â€Å"Some dreams are true, and some are lies,† said Two. I really wanted to slap him. â€Å"That one was true.† A story came back to me, the faintest memory from my childhood. Christian priests had long had a foothold in Cyprus when I was born, but old stories and rites had lingered. What were considered myths today had been held as fact back then. One such story said that dreams were sent to humans from one of two gates: one of ivory and one of horn. Those from the ivory gate were false; those from the horn gate were true. I didn’t know if that was just a metaphor, but the outcome apparently had some validity to it. â€Å"But why?† I asked. â€Å"Why show me true dreams? You’d torture me a lot more with another stupid nightmare.† That nightmare hadn’t been stupid. It had been agonizing, but I didn’t want them to know that. What was stupid was me suggesting how they should torment me. â€Å"Because you don’t know,† said One. â€Å"Soon you won’t know truth from lies. You assume everything that causes pain must be a lie. But you won’t know. Soon you won’t trust anything at all.† â€Å"I’ll know,† I said adamantly. â€Å"I can tell the difference.† â€Å"You believe what you just saw was true?† asked Two. â€Å"Yes. Absolutely.† â€Å"Good,† said One. â€Å"Then you’ve also learned another truth: it’s impossible for anyone to find you. You’ll stay here forever.† How to cite Succubus Shadows Chapter 11, Essay examples

Culture - Health - and Illness

Question: Discuss about culture and health care? Answer: The overall project has depicted the aspects of culture in respect of health for the inhabitants that are resident of the particular area. Therefore in the first instance the aspects of the health according to the terms represented in the report are as follows: Genotype: The cultural and the health aspects of this respective wiki are as follows: The major cause of the bloodstream infections and the health are poorly defined in respect of the culture of the society. Urban hospitals have isolated the recovery from the consecutive aspects of the fact of genotype patients. These respective infections are poorly defined. The prevalence as well as the risk factors has been assessed. Characteristics of the cases have evaluated the aspects of HIV seropositive. 107 cases have segmented the activities of health care. Shamanism: In context of the present world the aspects of the shamanism is attributed to measure the impact of the respective transcendental energies into the world. The aspects for this respective wiki are as follows: Ritual practices have generated the significance of health and cultural aspects. The accession in the respective world of benevolent as well as malevolent spirits has accustomed the respective trance of divination upon which the cultural aspects have determined. The aspects have deliberately considered the aspects of Proto-Tunguisic According to the culture and the health aspects the tribes has followed the control regarding the hunting, gathering the foods as well as fishing. The aspects of hunting fishing and activities of gathering the foods have helped the inhabitants ensuing physical fitness. But health problems like arthritis have been accustomed among the inhabitants. Adaptations: It is the only process of adjusting the messages of health in order to percept the health care diseases. The stages of adaptation are as follows: Initiative for community aspects of ethno cultural factors has followed. It is ensured from the aspects that accounts intended factors of adapting the changes. Incorporation of different cultural aspects has accounted audience. Poor aspects are chosen to indemnify the aspects of the adapting procedure to implement the collateral purpose of the inhabitants. Animism: Animism is basically utilized in the case of regional anthropology. It can be termed as the belief process of the tribal community. The Animism states or showcases the spiritual perspective of the tribal people. It has been observed that animistic viewpoint is so ordinary. Sharing views through the body language is the part of animism approach. Medical Wheel Medical wheel also showcase some cultural attributes of the society. It has been found in many cases that medical wheels are used as symbol of any particular issue. Medical wheel also can be represented as the monument or such types of architectures. Medical wheels are basically made by maintaining a particular pattern. Directions of these structures are the very important. Four Noble Truths Four Noble truths are basically oriented on the basis of Buddhism. The termDukkha is basically penetrating the concept of dissatisfaction in life. The theory also highlights the conceptual framework of life. Various concepts of the life like rebirth and dissatisfaction also have been highlighted. Atman The term Atman is associated with all Brahmans present globally. Atman is a Sanskrit word. It is the part of Hindu philosophy. It was the first principle described in the Veda. Ethnography: Explorations of the different unstructured data are regarded to interpret the actions of human beings Here the explanation of both aspects has been considered so that it can measure the aspects of the different perspectives in order to control the aspects of tacit elements projects. Identification of rules as well as rituals. Free exchange of ideas has been analyzed for participating more covertly. Positivistic approach has been rejected to attain the cultural aspects of ethnography. Capitalist medicine: The basic availability of successive treatments has considered the control considering the medicine used in the capitalist economy of the country. Influential factors have been considered upon the scientific technology. It has to be accustomed that all the aspects of the medicine cannot cure all the problems of the health. Biomedical and the aspects of traditional health have summoned the factors of the capitalist medicine. The traditional penetration has accumulated the aspects of covering the variation of different perspective of using medicine. Culture Competencies: The competency has been considered to achieve the aspects that can collaterally possess the health care activities among the inhabitants. The aspects have been considered the approaches are as follows: Actual controls regarding the culture and health have to be examined regularly. Thus can be achieved through the aspects of the in depth survey methods in controlling the respective grouping of the health perspectives. The illness faced by the folks has determined the aspects of sensitive care provided by the researcher. Ayurvedic Medicine Ayurvedic Medicine is an important aspect of the medical science. Ayurvedic products have been used as medicine for a long period of time. Various parts of green plants are used for making Ayurvedic medicine. Many incurable diseases like Cancer can be cured by the help of Ayurvedic medicine. Bio psychological Model Bio psychological model is the part of the human psychology. Through the model behavioural attributes of human being can be identified. Psychological concepts of the human being also can be judged. Nosology The word has been come from Greek history. The concept is mainly focuses on the analysis fof various diseases. Sick Role Sick Role is associated with medical science. The concept is basically highlighting any particular diseases. The concept also showcases some norms for preventing all those diseases. References: 1. Hinshelwood R, Skogstad W. Observing Organisations. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge; 2010. 2. Helman C. Culture, Health, And Illness. London: Hodder Arnold; 2007. 3. Savage G, Chilingerian J, Powell M. International Health Care Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI; 2005. 4. Boykin A, Schoenhofer S, Valentine K. Health Care System Transformation For Nursing And Health Care Leaders.

Beauty Behind the Madness Professor Ramos Blog

Beauty Behind the Madness Noah Rougely English 102 July 27, 2018 Imagine being stripped of all your greatest qualities in your life just because someone else was jealous of you. In the story of Medusa, beauty is punished in this way and is brought to the point of horror. In the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hesiods  Theogony  (c. 700 BCE) and Ovids  Metamorphoses  (8 CE), Medusa is presented as originally having been a beautiful maiden and priestess of the goddess Athena.† (Kaleta) Medusa was well known for being so beautiful, having lovely healthy hair, and remaining a virgin in honor of Athena. She had two sisters and they are known as the Gorgon sisters. She was the only mortal of the 3. She was greatly sought after but she always chose to remain pure. She was so beautiful that many men and even other gods tried to take her virginity, but she would never allow it. Men would come all the way to the temple just to catch a glance of the beautiful Medusa and some even said her hair was more beautiful than Athena’s. There was a time when Poseidon, the god of the sea, was in conflict with Athena and he also had intense lust for Medusa. He saw her as a pure possession of Athena and tried to take her virginity to get back at Athena. Medusa always rejected him. He was so infatuated with her that he decided he would not take no for an answer. He aggressively pursued Medusa until she fled to the temple of Athena for help, but to no avail because Poseidon caught her and still raped her. Punishing a god was out of the question, so when Athena found out, she then changed Medusa into an ugly serpent-like monster with hideous features and hissing snakes for hair. She was so ugly that one glare could turn any man into a pillar of marble. â€Å"Pseudo-Apollodorus also suggests in the  Bibliotheca  (first century BCE) that Medusa was punished by Athena because her beauty rivaled that of the goddess.† (Kaleta)   She changed everything she envied into something grotesque. Medusa became pregnant aft er being raped by Poseidon and after she was beheaded later in the story by a mortal named Perseus, Chrysaor and Pegasus were born from her open wound when she died. Before this event, many warriors tried to challenge her, but they ended up getting turned into stone with her vicious gaze. Medusa is later killed by the Greek hero Perseus, son of Zeus and the mortal Danaà «. His grandfather, Acrisius, had been warned by an oracle that Perseus would kill him so he put him and his mother in a chest and threw it into the ocean. It drifted to Seriphus, where King Polydectes took them in and helped them. King Polydectes eventually fell in love with Danaà «, but he could not make a move on her with her son always around. In a ceremony he chose Perseus away to slay Medusa as a way to receive high honor, thinking that Perseus would die on the journey. The goddess Athena liked Perseus though, so she directed him to the Hesperides, nymphs who supplied him with divine tools to slay Medusa with. He was given a great sword that was sharp enough to cut the head of the gorgon clean off. He was given a magic helmet that could make him invisible. He was given shoes that made him light on his feet. And he was given a beautiful shield that was so shiny, he could see Medusa in the reflec tion and not turn to marble. He embarked on his adventure and got advice on where to find Medusa. When he found her he was able to defeat her with his mystical tools. â€Å"He found the Gorgons asleep, and by averting his gaze, and looking only at their reflection in Athenas shield of polished bronze, he cut off Medusas head.† (March) He then took her head as his prize to give to King Polydectes. He started his return journey using Pegasus, a winged horse that was born from Medusas open wound.   He came back to Seriphus to kill King Polydectes for his deceit, and when he returned home he still accidently killed his grandfather in a discus competition, like the oracle have said. Perseus then choose to relinquish Medusa’s head over to Athena. (Lagasse) And while her looks could kill, Medusas blood had supernatural healing powers and after she was beheaded by Perseus, her head is then given by Athena to the god of medicine, Asclepius. He could use her blood to heal othe rs and even bring the dead back to life. After her death, Medusa became a guardian in Hades, the land of the dead. Medusa did her best to do the right thing and represent Athena the best she could. She rejected all the lustful men and remained a virgin for Athena. Athena was consumed by her jealousy of Medusa. She saw the event of Poseidon raping her as a reason to take all that Medusa had. I choose this story because it shows how sometimes you can do all the right things in life, and you can still become a monster because other people will envy your blessings. It is important to take into consideration who you keep in your company and who you exhibit your prized accomplishment and possessions to. Jealousy is like a disease that can make people want to take from you, or just slander your name until you are seen as a monster to the haters and their friends. I would usually say not to care about stuff like that but sometimes some people can create situations that will require your attention. You can only control yourself. Similar to the Frankenstein story, Medusa did nothing wrong, but she was victimized until she was pushed to be evil and reckless. I think a hidden meaning in this story is that pureness can be corrupted by others in the surroundings and can cause one to be evil and as deceptive as a snake. It can cause others to become numb or stone to the product of the evil and the only way to overcome the monster is to look in the mirror. Athena created a monster to destroy others out of her own jealousy. Athena’s behavior aligns with thesis seven from Jeffrey Jerome Cohens Monster Culture book. A quote from Jeffrey Cohen that applies for thesis seven was,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine.† (Cohen) This applies to Athena as the creator of the monster she made Medusa into, and in the end she still received Medusas severed head as a prize. She allowed Medusa’s beauty and the opinions of others to destroy her internally to the point where she was pushed to leap at the opportunity to pilfer Medusas upper hand of aesthetic qualities. In this story, Athena never had to pay for what she did. Medusa was the victim, the monster, and she took the fall completely all the way to her demise. It’s almost like Athena was really the monster and she was the one that got away clean. Kaleta, Marcin Konrad. Medusa.  The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/medusa/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Lagasse, Paul. Perseus, in Greek mythology.  The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 7th edition, 2017.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/perseus_in_greek_mythology/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. March, Jennifer R. Gorgons.  Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxbow Books, 2nd edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oxbocm/gorgons/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Cohen, Jeffrey J. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwj-9NnAkcrcAhV9GjQIHVAhDlcQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2FPlPd6rSElff7Wpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwjblK3akcrcAhWSHDQIHeSJC90QjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2Fmedusa-9JVsPnYq2quRypsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwi-xfvqkcrcAhXwIDQIHaT3AhQQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmakeagif.com%2Fgif%2Fmedusa-natalia-vodianova-clash-of-the-titans-2010-KGfEMzpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616

Can We Do We Should We essays

Can We Do We Should We essays Can we, do we, and should we legislate morality is a question that rings in the ears of many Americans. It seems that there are more factors, conditions and answers to this frequently asked question than the common person is willing to consider. Lets attempt to take the best ideas from the top scholars on the issue. In order to answer the questions presented, one must fully understand the idea of morality and what it means to legislate it. What is morality? According to Webster, morality is A doctrine or system of moral conduct: or particular moral principles or rules of conduct: or conformity to ideals of human conduct. This definition leaves much to be answered, such as: Who sets up this system? Is it relative to ones personal preferences? And can morality be forced on an individual? To further understand morality let us discuss it in more detail. Is morality relative? What laws would be considered laws of morality? Can a democratic country consider morality while writing laws? To deal with the question of relativism we will turn to the writings of Dr. Stephen Schwarz, who is a medical doctor and a writer for Ohio Life, a non-profit pro-life organization. While responding to the idea that people should not impose their morality on others Dr, Schwarz replied, The morality of not raping, and of not murdering a fellow human being is not my morality or our morality but morality itself. This implies that there is an absolute morality, m aybe we are not capable of achieving it, but it seems that the gray area between white and black is not as large as most would hope. Now on to the next question of: What exactly constitutes morality? We have already discussed that morality is not relative and at some point becomes absolute. C.S. Lewis gives an in-depth analyzes of morality in his book Mere Christianity he talks about morality being the deciding factor between ...

If it is not cold war Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

If it is not cold war - Assignment Example The US, hence, should assume an aloof position that casts her as a non-partisan party to the crisis. Harman, however, argues that the involvement of the US in the crisis is inevitable. This occurs given the attention Putin is garnering in the world. Putin’s actions could contribute towards an ideological shift that would transform world politics. Harman highlights the fact that the crisis is ideologically linked to the Ukrainian revolution. By playing partisan world politics, the US could create a crisis in the formerly stable country. Fiona Hill gives a historical account of world politics in analyzing the scenario. She highlights Russia as the core of communism that dominated the Stalin government. On the other end, the US is a capitalistic outfit that has long argued for liberal markets. When Putin gains control of Ukraine, he may attain the leeway to impose a new socio-economic order that is aligned to authoritarianism and central management of governments. Russia, in this case, is making a deliberate move of inviting the world’s attention to her

Music Appreciation ( classical) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music Appreciation ( classical) - Term Paper Example In the impressionism period, the artists used light and water themes in their artworks which used to give an abstract look to their paintings. Music composers of that period also liked to imitate the sounds of water. The two most popular mediums used by the impressionist composers were orchestra and piano. Claude Debussy, also known as one of the great pillars of musical modernism, is considered to be a very dominant personality in the field of composition and music. He was born in northwest Parisian commune in 1862. If we talk about his educational career, we come to know that Debussy was deprived of public education because the government of France took away all civil rights from his father due to his involvement in the Paris workers’ uprising. But when his parents found musical talent in Debussy, they sent him to his relatives to start his music education. Debussy did not have any regular schooling but he showed his extraordinary skills and abilities in composing. He was awarded with Prix de Rome in the year 1884. Here we must mention that he started his work in music industry as a pianist but he did not get much success as a pianist which made him divert his mind towards composing. If we talk about one of the major forces behind Debussy’s success, we can say that Ernest Guiraud, a quintessential French academic composer, played a great role in Debussy’s success as a composer. It was Debussy’s orchestral work La Mer and the opera production Pellà ©as ET Mà ©lisande which made him one of the most prominent and leading composers of the twentieth century. Printemps and the cantata La demoiselle à ©lue were very famous poems by Debussy which not only played a great role in Debussy’s success as a composer but also symbolized a far-fetched advance on Lenfant prodigue. Under the influence of poets and painters from Rome, Debussy fell under Wagner’s charm and attraction. This was the reason why Debussy’s style was found

The Nurture And Nature Views Education Essay

The Nurture And Nature Views Education Essay As a matter of fact, the nature/nurture debate has dominated the thoughts of researchers for a long time as people have been trying to find out the origin of intelligence. Bee believed that this question could possibly be among the oldest theories debated in psychology. The nurture view holds that human mind was born without any knowledge. This view is supported by empiricists, and one of the major tenants of empiricists is John Locke, a seventeenth English philosopher, who thought that humans are born with a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, and that knowledge is learnt and gained through experience.   In the 19th century, Hermann von Helmhotz believed that the raw data of sensation were perpetually subject to judgements based on experience. (Gigerenzer, 63) His research was that there is a simple inverse relationship between distance and retinal image size. (Gleitman, 249). In He concluded that it is through experience which we gain the ability to understand our visual perceptions. Empiricism was adopted by educationalists. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist examined physical knowledge in infancy using some experiments, and concluded that children under 18 months of age had no knowledge of physical laws of motion because they looked for hidden objects in places that were not possible. Further, John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, came with behaviourism to argue that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. However other researchers questioned those findings and came with a different view  : Innativism. Innativists claimed that a child was born with innate abilities which are actualised in context. This view was influenced by Plato, a Greek philosopher who thought that Children begin life with knowledge already present within them,; they do not learn anything new but merely recollect knowledge that has previously lain dormant. Nativism was later adopted by Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher of the 18th centry. Kant argued that the mind is born with a number of innate catergories, mainly space, time and causality, which enable people to understand their senses. It is these catergories, nativists say, that make perception possible. (Gleitman, 173) In other words, knowledge of these concepts is innate. Charles Darwin was also among those who offered evidence of inherited knowledge with his universality thesis where, after some cross-cultural studies, he observed that some facial expressions are universal to all people. Darwin finally explained that all people are born with an innate understanding of these facial expressions. (Gleitman, 477) One of the domains in which this debate has found implications in education is language acquisition. Despite the existence of several theories of language development, this essay limits only to three of them that have a close link with the nature/nurture debate. According to behaviourist theory, language is viewed as a kind of verbal behaviour, and based on this view they argue that children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, analogy, and structured input. This is  linguistic empiricism. Empiricists think that language is entirely learned. This is the nurture or external perspective. In this context, language and grammar become features of the organisms environment. Language is a cultural artifact. This is based on beviourism as the general theory of learning described by the psychologist John B. Watson in 1923. On the other hand, there is linguistic nativism, which holds that the basics of language and grammar are innate. This is the nature or internal perspective. In this context, language and grammar are built into every human being at birth. They are universals that all humans share, as language is in the genes. This is the theory advocated by the American linguist Noam Chomsky who argued for a universal grammar wired in every child brain. This position was also adopted by Jerry Fodor (1983) who studied the relationship between language and mind and viewed language as a modular process with implications for a theory of language acquisition, especially language acquisition as genetically predetermined. The third interesting theory is called interactionist theory, and states that there is a both a biological and a social aspect to language development. It states that language is developed through a childs desire to communicate his or her thoughts and feelings. The foundation of this view of language acquisition was laid by Vygotsky, a psychologist and social constructivist. Vygotsky argued that social interaction plays an important role in the learning process and proposed the  zone of proximal development  (ZPD) where learners construct the new language through socially mediated interaction. Thisn theory was later adopted by  Jerome Bruner  [2]  who laid the foundations of a model of language development in the context of adult-child interaction. In education, it can be argued that both nature and nurture are responsible for how someone is today. For that reason, the position advocated by Robert Plomin would help to put both empiricism and nativism together for the good of children. Actually, the American Psychologist, Robert Plomin has demonstrated that genetic factors can mediate the link between the environment and person outcomes such as intelligence.   Actually, nowadays, it is commonly accepted that most aspects of a childs development are a product of the interaction of both nurture and nature (Bee, 2004) This means that aspects such as the innate ability of the child which is the inherited aspect of his life, and the environmental factors such as effects of family, peers, schools, neighborhoods, culture, the media, the broader society, and the physical environment. Should be taken into account. Nurture affects childrens development through multiple channels-physically through nutrition and activity; intellectually through informal experiences and formal instruction; socially through adult role models  and peer relationships (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2004: 7). At this point, one can share Ganly (2007) position and argue that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is hard to completely distinguish between the two ideas. Nature will inevitably affect the classroom performance of a student because a student inherits certain traits that pertain to education. A student inherits the ability to do well in certain subjects and poor in other subjects. A student also inherits the certain psychological traits such as shyness or self confidence. The nature aspect is important as it helps to determine inherited possible disabilities such as reading disability, so giving making teachers proactive and intervene at earlier stages. Educators have therefore to make sure the inner nature of a child is respected, that a child feels wanted and put in a supportive environment to learn. There should be a balance between class time between acquisition activities and learning exercises.